Factors Contributing to Vulnerability Towards Social Engineering Attacks Among Kenyan Social Media Users

Abstract

This study examined factors contributing to vulnerability towards social engineering attacks among Kenyan social media users. The research problem centers on identifying the underlying human, technological, and institutional factors that increase susceptibility to online manipulation. Using a systematic literature review approach, the study synthesizes existing research and organizes findings into six key themes: awareness and education, trust in online interactions, technological proficiency, socio-economic influences, behavioral traits, and regulatory frameworks. The findings reveal that limited cybersecurity awareness and low digital literacy significantly expose users to attacks, with many unable to recognize common threats. Cultural norms that promote trust and community further increase vulnerability, as attackers exploit these social dynamics. Additionally, socio-economic pressures encourage risky online behavior, while individual traits such as curiosity, overconfidence, and emotional responsiveness make users easier targets. The review also highlights gaps in public awareness campaigns and weaknesses in existing regulatory and institutional support systems. The study concludes that reducing vulnerability requires a comprehensive approach that combines user education, simplified and inclusive awareness strategies, stronger legal and institutional frameworks, and targeted interventions addressing behavioral and socio-economic risks.