Kabarak Journal of Research & Innovation
KJRI is an open-access and multidisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research in all areas of Business and Economics; Education, Humanities and Social Sciences; Physical and Biological Sciences; Computer Science and Information Technology; Health Sciences, and Pharmacy. KJRI publishes peer-reviewed, original research and review articles in an open-access format. The journal offers authors a continuous-publication format that is professionally copy-edited and typeset to ensure quality and adherence to international standards. Articles published by the journal seek to advance knowledge within or between disciplines of study. The journal editors evaluate the research methods of each article for validity and accept articles based on fair and robust publication decisions. We do not restrict papers to a narrow discipline, we are committed to a continuous online publication for both our authors and readers.
The Kabarak Journal of Research and Innovation (KJRI) provides immediate open access to all its published content. This is in line with our commitment to making research freely available to the public, supporting a greater global exchange of knowledge. All articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. Readers are free to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.
Information Technology Resource Management Strategies and Organizational Performance in Kenya’s HIV Program.
The expansion of digital health systems has reshaped the operational architecture of HIV service delivery, particularly in donor-funded programs navigating fiscal transition and performance accountability pressures. While substantial investments have been made in electronic medical records, reporting platforms, and data surveillance systems, limited empirical evidence exists on how the strategic management of these digital resources influences organizational performance. This study examined the effect of Information Technology Resource Management (ITRM) strategies on the performance of donor-funded HIV programs in Kenya. A cross-sectional mixed-methods design was employed, with quantitative data collected from 285 program managers and IT personnel across non-governmental implementing organizations, complemented by qualitative insights to contextualize governance practices. Simple linear regression analysis demonstrated a statistically significant positive relationship between ITRM and organizational performance (β = 0.4117, p < 0.001). The model explained 18% of the variance in performance outcomes (R² = 0.1800), indicating that IT governance constitutes a meaningful, though not exclusive, determinant within complex health systems. Descriptive findings revealed relative strengths in cybersecurity protocols (mean = 3.51) and automated reporting (mean = 3.38), contrasted by weaker performance in interoperability (mean = 2.76) and continuous IT capacity building (mean = 2.88). The findings suggest that while digital infrastructure is operationally established, governance integration remains uneven. Strengthening interoperability, lifecycle management, and institutional IT capacity may enhance organizational responsiveness as HIV programs transition toward greater domestic sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mercy Njeru, Gabriel Okello, Edward Musebe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Financial Resource Management Strategies on the Performance of Donor-Funded HIV Programs in Kenya: An Empirical Analysis
This study interrogates the extent to which Financial Resource Management Strategies function as a determinant of organizational performance within donor-funded HIV programs in Kenya, in the context of shifting global health financing and increasing domestic sustainability pressures. Anchored in a cross-sectional descriptive correlational design, data were obtained from 285 program and finance personnel across implementing organizations and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Financial Resource Management was operationalized as a multidimensional construct encompassing planning and allocation, funding adequacy, timeliness of disbursement, and accessibility of funds. The descriptive findings reveal a structurally established but functionally uneven financial governance architecture, characterized by relatively strong planning systems and internal fund utilization processes, contrasted with persistent weaknesses in funding predictability and financial systems integration. Regression results indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship between Financial Resource Management Strategies and organizational performance (β = 0.4177, p < 0.001), with the model explaining 14.63% of the variance, thereby confirming financial governance as a substantive but partial predictor of performance. Qualitative evidence further elucidates this relationship, demonstrating that while structured financial planning enhances coordination and accountability, its performance effects are mediated by systemic bottlenecks including delayed disbursements, procedural rigidity, and fragmented financial platforms. The study advances the argument that financial resource management in donor-funded health systems operates as a conditional capability, whose effectiveness depends not on its presence alone but on its integration, responsiveness, and alignment with broader institutional and funding dynamics. These findings reposition financial governance as a critical, yet contextually bounded, lever for sustaining HIV program performance under conditions of financing transition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mercy Njeru, Edward Musebe, Gabriel Okello https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gut Microbiota and Human Health: The Nutrition Connection-A Systematic Review
A well-balanced intestinal microbial ecosystem is fundamental to human health, influencing digestion, metabolism, immunity, and neurological processes. Growing evidence demonstrates that diet plays a central role in shaping microbial composition and functionality. This systematic review examined the influence of dietary patterns on the human gut microbiota and their consequent effects on health. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Thirty studies were screened for eligibility, of which thirteen met the inclusion criteria. Relevant literature was sourced from PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and African Journals Online. Data were extracted on dietary interventions and patterns that modulate gut microbiota composition and function, with key outcomes including microbial diversity, metabolic resilience, inflammation, and long-term health effects associated with diet-induced microbial changes. Findings from randomized controlled trials indicate that fiber-rich, Mediterranean, and plant-based diets promote microbial diversity, enhance metabolic resilience, and reduce inflammation. Observational studies further suggest long-term associations between these dietary patterns and reduced risks of metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, and adverse mental health outcomes. In contrast, diets high in fat, sugar, and processed foods were consistently linked to dysbiosis and increased disease risk. However, uncertainties remain regarding the long-term efficacy of probiotic supplementation and the impact of artificial food additives on microbial integrity. Future research should prioritize mechanistic studies on diet-induced microbial changes and the development of targeted dietary guidelines informed by microbiome profiling. Additionally, long-term clinical trials are needed to validate personalized nutrition and microbiome-based interventions for sustainable gut health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gladys Jepkemoi; Wesley Bor, Catherine Gichunge https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors Contributing to Vulnerability Towards Social Engineering Attacks Among Kenyan Social Media Users
This study examined factors contributing to vulnerability towards social engineering attacks among Kenyan social media users. The research problem centers on identifying the underlying human, technological, and institutional factors that increase susceptibility to online manipulation. Using a systematic literature review approach, the study synthesizes existing research and organizes findings into six key themes: awareness and education, trust in online interactions, technological proficiency, socio-economic influences, behavioral traits, and regulatory frameworks. The findings reveal that limited cybersecurity awareness and low digital literacy significantly expose users to attacks, with many unable to recognize common threats. Cultural norms that promote trust and community further increase vulnerability, as attackers exploit these social dynamics. Additionally, socio-economic pressures encourage risky online behavior, while individual traits such as curiosity, overconfidence, and emotional responsiveness make users easier targets. The review also highlights gaps in public awareness campaigns and weaknesses in existing regulatory and institutional support systems. The study concludes that reducing vulnerability requires a comprehensive approach that combines user education, simplified and inclusive awareness strategies, stronger legal and institutional frameworks, and targeted interventions addressing behavioral and socio-economic risks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Julius Sirma, Patrick K. Wumuyu, Dalton Ndirangu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Moderating Role of School ICT Infrastructure On Adaptive Digital Storytelling and Digital Information Literacy in Rural Primary Schools
The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into primary education has become a strategic priority for improving teaching and learning outcomes. In Kenya, initiatives such as the Digital Literacy Programme, the Competency-Based Curriculum, and the National EdTech Strategy have expanded access to digital technologies. However, disparities in ICT infrastructure persist in rural primary schools, raising concerns about whether infrastructure enhances the effectiveness of technology-supported pedagogies. This study examined the moderating influence of School ICT Infrastructure on the relationship between Adaptive Digital Storytelling (ADS) and Digital Information Literacy Skills Development (DILSD) among learners in selected rural public primary schools in Nyeri County, Kenya. Guided by Constructivist Learning Theory, Experiential Learning Theory, and the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, the study adopted a positivist philosophy and a quantitative cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected from 2,894 learners across 39 rural public primary schools using structured questionnaires. School ICT Infrastructure was measured through the availability of digital devices, internet connectivity, electricity reliability, educational software, technical support, and accessibility of ICT facilities. Data were analysed using Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modelling (CB-SEM) following assessment of reliability and validity. The findings revealed that the measurement and structural models exhibited acceptable psychometric properties and model fit. School ICT Infrastructure demonstrated a positive but weak moderating influence on the relationship between Adaptive Digital Storytelling and Digital Information Literacy Skills Development, indicating that infrastructure alone is insufficient to maximize learning outcomes. The study concludes that effective digital education requires integrating adequate ICT infrastructure with learner-centred pedagogies, adaptive digital learning environments, and teacher professional development. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, curriculum developers, and educators seeking to strengthen digital learning in resource-constrained rural schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tabitha Kihara, Jimmy Macharia, Collins Odour https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Adoption of Energy-Efficient Lighting: Practices and Potential among Small-scale Traders in Kenyan Market Centres
Abstract Globally, studies have highlighted the environmental, economic, and social benefits of replacing high-emission lighting sources such as kerosene lamps and incandescent bulbs with cleaner alternatives like LED lights and solar-powered lamps. However, despite growing research in this field, limited attention has been given to the impact of this transition on small scale traders, who form a significant part of the economy in many developing countries. This study examined solar energy absorption and access patterns among traders in Kenya. The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive survey design. The study was conducted in trading centers within four counties—Kericho, Nakuru, Baringo, and Kisumu. The sample size for the study was 384 small-scale traders. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, observation checklist, key informant interview guide and focus group discussion guide. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically while quantitative data was analyzed descriptively using percentages and inferentially using Chi-square. The sample shows a marked gender imbalance, with females comprising 87.7% (335 respondents) versus 12.3% males (47). Education levels are dominated by secondary school completion (57.9%), followed by primary school completion (28.0%), tertiary (9.2%), and none (0.5%). Primary lighting sources highlight solar dominance at 88.0%, far outpacing grid electricity (8.6%), "other" sources (2.1%), candles (0.5%), and negligible kerosene lamps or generators (0.3% each). The chi-square results revealed a significant rate of adoption of solar lamps by small scale traders. Frequently used lighting devices favor LEDs (65.2%, 249), rechargeable torches (24.1%, 92), and fluorescent tubes (8.4%, 32), with rare incandescent use (0.3%) and minimal missing data (1.8%). Overall, results affirm solar's scalability for energy poverty alleviation and gender-specific challenges, though gender skew limits male perspectives, and "other" sources warrant further probing for hybrids. Targeted interventions could boost tertiary education uptake and rainy-season reliability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Danice O. Awinda, Charles W. Mwangi , Daisy Jeptepkeny Chebet Bowen , Christopher Mkirema Maghanga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of User Characteristics on Digital Inclusivity in E-Justice Systems for Persons with Disabilities
The shift of court processes to digital platforms assumes that users have the requisite skills, confidence, and sense of security to manage legal procedures online without assistance. For people with disabilities, that assumption is especially fragile. This paper investigates how three user-level attributes—digital literacy, perceived trust, and perceived security—affect digital inclusivity in e-justice environments. Framed by the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) and the Social Model of Disability, the research used a sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were gathered from 362 court users, judicial officers, and advocates in Nairobi County, Kenya, using stratified random sampling (Cochran’s formula, 95% confidence level, 5% margin of error). Covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) showed that, when treated alone, user characteristics positively and significantly predict digital inclusivity (β = 0.638, p < 0.001), accounting for 40.7% of its variance. Within the construct, perceived trust was the largest contributor (loading = 0.652), followed by digital literacy (0.620) and perceived security (0.556). Semi-structured interviews with persons who have visual, hearing, and mobility impairments provided qualitative context and triangulation. The study argues that user characteristics matter, but they should not be interpreted as innate shortcomings; rather, they are socially produced abilities shaped by prior institutional experiences. For policy, the evidence suggests that enhancing digital skills, fostering trust, and clarifying security protections must accompany systemic accessibility reforms, not replace them.
Copyright (c) 2026 Josphat K. Munyu, Collins Oduor, Dalton Ndirangu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategies Used by University Libraries to Support Research needs of Masters and Doctor of Philosophy Students
University libraries ought to use structured instructional strategies to help students carry out quality research. However, the strategies used by libraries to provide post graduate students with research support services in Kenyan universities are not at the desired level. This study investigated the strategies used by university libraries to provide post graduate students with research support services in Kenyan. The study used survey research design and convergent parallel mixed methods research approach. Two universities in Kenya namely the University of Nairobi (UoN) and Egerton University (EU) took part in the survey. Quantitative data was collected through questionnaire administration from a stratified random sample of 404 fourth-year postgraduate students. Qualitative data was obtained from 2 members of the University Management Board, 2 members of the Directors of Board of Graduate studies, 15 faculty members, 2 university Librarians and 10 senior library staff members who were all purposively selected as key informants of the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study established that the university libraries had adopted various strategies aimed at supporting research and the strategies slightly improved beyond basic delivery of manual services to hybrid service models that combine digital and physical access. However, research support discrepancies were experienced. Ultimately, the study recommends measures to alleviate these challenges and make research support services more effective in supporting postgraduate students’ research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Benjamin Butuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Impact of Innovative Assessment Methods on Learning Outcomes in English Language in Selected Public Junior Schools in Uasin Gishu County Kenya
Abstract Public junior schools in Kenya continue to experience challenges in enhancing English language learning outcomes due to overreliance on traditional assessment methods that emphasized rote memorization over practical language use. Despite the rollout of the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC), the integration of innovative assessment methods remains limited. This study investigated the impact of Innovative assessment methods on English language learning outcomes in Selected public junior schools in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Specifically the study focused on four assessment methods; Project-based assessment, portfolio assessment, peer assessment and self-assessment. A convergent parallel mixed methods design was employed. The quantitative phase involved pre- and post-tests administered to 240 learners while qualitative data were collected through interviews with English teachers. Quantitative findings revealed statistically significant improvements in English scores across all four assessment methods. Project-based assessments showed the highest mean gain of 14.6 points, followed by portfolios (13.4), peer assessment (11.3), and self-assessment (11.1), with all p-values < 0.001. ANOVA results confirmed significant differences in post-test performance across the methods (F = 16.45, p < 0.001). Qualitative findings supported these outcomes, with teachers reporting improved learner engagement, creativity, critical thinking, and reflective writing. Learners also expressed greater confidence and ownership of their learning through these strategies. The study concluded that innovative assessment methods enhance both academic achievement and learner-centered competencies. The study recommended mainstreaming these strategies in CBC implementation, training teachers on assessment literacy, and developing standardized rubrics and tools for consistent application across schools. Keywords: English Language learning outcomes, Innovative assessment, Project-based learning, peer assessment, self-assessment, portfolios, Competency-Based Curriculum, Kenya.
Copyright (c) 2026 Audrey Matere https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) Communication Channels and Messengers on Youth Behavioural Responses in Muslim Communities of Isiolo County, Kenya
Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) communication in conservative Muslim communities is shaped by trusted communication channels, influential messengers, and faith-informed socio-cultural norms, which influence youth behavioural responses. However, limited evidence exists on how these communication processes interact to shape behavioural responses in faith-based settings. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of communication channels and messengers on sexual and reproductive health behavioural responses among Muslim youth in Isiolo County, Kenya. Guided by the Theory of Reasoned Action and Social Cognitive Theory, this exploratory qualitative study employed a triangulated qualitative design involving 75 in-depth interviews (IDIs), 12 focus group discussions (FGDs), and 15 key informant interviews (KIIs) with Muslim youth and key community stakeholders. Data were analyzed using hybrid thematic analysis. The findings revealed that communication channels and messengers influenced youth engagement with SRH information, attitudes, and behavioural intentions. Specifically, mosques, madrassas, peer forums, and digital platforms emerged as the primary communication channels, while religious leaders, parents, siblings, peers and Muslim health professionals served as principle messengers. Moreover, Interactive, faith-sensitive communication strengthened youth engagement, fostered positive attitudes, and enhanced behavioural intentions, whereas fear-based communication discouraged open dialogue and reduced engagement with SRH information. Effective faith-based SRH communication requires trusted communication channels and credible messengers working together within a culturally appropriate communication environment that integrates islamic values with accurate health information. The findings advance understanding of youth behavioural responses by demonstrating how communication channels, messengers, and communication medium processes interact to shape SRH decision-making in conservative Muslim communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Umar H. Abdalla, Hellen K. Mberia, Mary Kamaku https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence Of Transformational Leadership Practices on Mobilization and Management of Financial Resources for the Implementation of Competency-Based Education in Public Junior Secondary Schools in Kisii County
Since inception the new competency-based curriculum has been marred with myriads of challenges to its current implementation level in Junior schools (JS). Some of these challenges have been attributed to ineffective leadership. This research seeks to interrogate the influence of Transformative leadership on efficacious implementation of CBE in junior schools in Kisii County. Specifically, the research aims to: Influence of transformational leadership practices on mobilization and management of financial resources for the Implementation of Competency-Based Education in Public Junior Secondary Schools in Kisii County. Descriptive survey design with a mixed-methods strategy was utilized. The sample constituted of 138 head of institutions,379 facilitators and 11 Sub-County Quality and Standards Officers selected through stratified sampling. Field data collected was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively through descriptive and inferential statistics.The results established that transformational leadership exerts statistically significant multivariate effects on CBE implementation outcomes. At the univariate level, the combined leadership dimensions accounted for a moderate proportion of variance across domains (R2 ≈ .232 to .261). Inspirational Motivation and Individualized Consideration demonstrated stronger effects in mobilization and management of financial resources. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) confirmed that all four leadership dimensions had positive and significant direct effects on financial management. The study recommends: strengthening leadership through focused professional development for school heads and CBE coordinators; enhancing government support through timely capitation release, definite guidelines, structured monitoring and feedback; institutionalizing collaborative leadership to promote teacher involvement, communication, and shared ownership of CBE reforms. Significantly the study findings will inform junior school CBE leadership policies on financial management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fred Mogaka , Eliud Nyakundi, George Areba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Regulating Distress on Organizational Effectiveness of Faith-Based Organizations in Kenya
The purpose of the study was to examine the influence of adaptive leadership on organizational effectiveness of Faith-based organizations (FBOs) in Kenya. The specific objective was to examine the influence of regulating distress on the organizational effectiveness of FBOs in Kenya. The null hypothesis assumed regulating distress has no significant influence on the organizational effectiveness of FBOs in Kenya. The study was anchored on adaptive leadership theory, and guided by positivism philosophy. A descriptive correlational design was adopted, with a target population of 345 top level executives from FBOs. A sample of 185 executives was determined using Yamane’s (1967) formulae, and primary data collected from them with a response rate of 89.7%. Quantitative data were collected using an electronic questionnaire, analysed using descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics that included correlation, and regression analysis. Correlation coefficient (R) between regulating distress and organizational effectiveness was 0.695, indicating a moderate to strong positive relationship. Regression analysis had a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.483, suggesting that approximately 48.3% of the variation in organizational effectiveness can be explained by regulating distress. The overall regression model was statistically significant (F (1,164) = 153.518, p < 0.05). The positive coefficient indicates that as leaders enhance their ability to regulate distress by providing clear direction, maintaining distress at optimal levels, and creating a supportive environment, the effectiveness of their organizations increases correspondingly. The results led to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The study concluded that regulation of distress is an adaptive foundational determinant of organisational effectiveness within Kenyan FBOs. As such, the study recommended that FBOs should institutionalize leadership capacity-building programs that focus on regulating distress including setting clear goals, conflict management, and a supportive environment. At the policy level, policy makers within the FBO sector should integrate such frameworks into their human resource policies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ruth Nduku Munguti, Juliana Namada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Emerging Media Business Models in Kenya in the Digital Era: The Case of Nation Media Group and Standard Group
The rapid developments in the media industry, driven by technology, have dramatically reshaped the media business models. Various actors, ranging from individual content creators and curators, bloggers, to large-scale tech companies, have entered the media landscape, causing stiff competition for audiences and advertising revenues and resulting in declining financial performance. Consequently, many media companies face sustainability challenges with serious implications for public interest journalism. Faced with the disruptions, media companies have been compelled to adopt new business models to maintain their market share and survive and serve their normative roles. This study sought to evaluate the effect of the new media business models on journalistic practice regarding two media houses in Kenya, the Nation Media Group and Standard Group Limited. It adopted political economy theory and used a multi-method approach and employed a case study design. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and document analysis, analysed thematically, and findings were presented in narrative form. The overall finding was that Kenya’s new media had adopted new business models such as reader revenue, native advertising, hosting events, strategic partnerships, and donations from philanthropies. Although these models have increased audience traffic and expanded revenue streams, challenges persist, requiring continued experimentation and innovation to ensure sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 David Aduda, Silas O. Oriaso, Wairimu Gichobi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Strategic Alignment Capability on Sustainability of Consumer Electronics Retail firms in Kenya
Abstract The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of strategic alignment capability on sustainability in consumer electronics retail firms in Kenya. The study sought to address the following research questions: To what extent does strategic alignment capability influence sustainability in consumer electronics retail firms in Kenya? To achieve the objective of the current study, the study was underpinned by three theories namely the Resource Based View Theory, the Sustainability Theory and the Organizational capability Theory. A positivistic epistemological philosophy was adopted. Using Slovin's formula, a sample size of 207 respondents was collected and the target population comprised of 431 consumer electronics retail firms. Out of which 200 were properly filled and returned, with a response rate of 96.6%. Stratified sampling was done so that the responses' representation was proper across the country. The analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 25.0; and expressed as frequencies, percentages and narratives and presented in the form of tables and figures. A questionnaire was used to collect primary data which were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software. For the research objective, correlation analysis results revealed a positive and significant relationship between strategic alignment capability and sustainability. For descriptive statistics, the study revealed a mean rating of 4.06 and a standard deviation of .87; for inferential statistics, r (200) = .587, p < .05. The results of multiple linear regression analysis revealed that strategic alignment capability significantly predicted sustainability, R2 = .477, F (200) = 180.867, p < .05; β =. 691, p < .05. Consequently, the null hypothesis that strategic alignment capability has no significance influence on the sustainability of consumer electronic retail firms in Kenya was rejected.
Copyright (c) 2026 Michelle Abuya, Paul Katuse, Maureen Kangu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Operational Risk on Third-party Payment Processing among Retailers in Nairobi County, Kenya
The study addresses the effect of operational risk on third-party payment processing among retailers in Nairobi County, Kenya. Methodically, the study was guided by the positivism research philosophy and applied a descriptive cross-sectional research design targeting 226 retailers under the registered payment service providers regulated by the Central Bank of Kenya. The sample size of 144 heads of finance and compliance, and risk managers/heads of payments was drawn using a stratified sampling technique. Primary data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire, which was designed based on the research objectives. Secondary data regarding firm size (total assets) was gathered from the financial statements. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were employed for analysis. The descriptive statistics revealed that errors had the highest average mean of 4.07, followed by internal control systems with an average mean of 3.98, while the stability of payment systems had an average mean of 3.86. Regression analysis results showed that operational risk positively and statistically influences third-party payment processing among retailers in Nairobi County, Kenya (r2 = .184, β =.187, t=5.186, p<.05); hence, the null hypothesis was rejected. The study concludes that operational risk influences third-party processing among retailers in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study therefore recommends that management of the retailers in Nairobi County should invest in training to facilitate their capacity to improve their internal controls and personal skills, which may lead to a decrease in operational risk and performance failure, thus increasing their third-party payment processing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hellen Munguti, Selefano Odoyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Influence of Strategic Orientations on Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Study of the Kenyan Pharmaceutical Industry
The pharmaceutical industry in Kenya operates within an increasingly competitive and regulated environment shaped by market fragmentation, supply chain constraints, rising healthcare demands, and performance pressures. Sustained competitive advantage has consequently become a strategic imperative for firms seeking long term survival and growth. Despite wide recognition of strategic orientation as a driver of organizational success, limited empirical evidence exists on the combined influence of product, market, alliance, and entrepreneurial orientations on sustained competitive advantage in the Kenyan pharmaceutical sector. This study examined this relationship using a post positivist philosophy and an explanatory research design. Data were collected from functional managers and senior executives at pharmaceutical firms operating in Kenya using a structured questionnaire, yielding 343 valid responses. Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and analysis of variance were employed for analysis. Findings revealed that all four strategic orientation dimensions were positively associated with sustained competitive advantage. Product orientation showed the strongest correlation (r = 0.272, p < 0.001), followed by alliance orientation (r = 0.268, p < 0.001), market orientation (r = 0.230, p < 0.001), and entrepreneurial orientation (r = 0.194, p < 0.001). The regression model was statistically significant (F = 20.219, p < 0.001) and explained 19.3% of the variance in sustained competitive advantage (R² = 0.193). Product orientation was the strongest predictor (β = 0.392, p < 0.001), followed by alliance orientation (β = 0.344, p < 0.001) and market orientation (β = 0.341, p < 0.001), while entrepreneurial orientation showed a positive but marginally non-significant effect (β = 0.170, p = 0.053). The study concludes that strategic orientation significantly determines sustained competitive advantage among Kenyan pharmaceutical firms. Strengthening product development, market responsiveness, and strategic partnerships is recommended to enhance long term competitiveness. These findings offer valuable insights for managers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders.
Copyright (c) 2026 MARSEILLE ACHIENG ONYANGO, Paul Katuse, Peter Kiriri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge-Sharing Routines and Operational Performance Of Healthcare Entrepreneurship In Kenya
Franchising is increasingly being adopted in Kenya’s healthcare sector, yet limited empirical evidence exists on how management capabilities, particularly knowledge-sharing routines, influence health care entrepreneurship operational performance. This study examined the influence of knowledge-sharing routines on the operational performance of healthcare entrepreneurship in Kenya. The study was anchored on the Agency and Relational View Theories and adopted mixed methods design aimed at providing rich and comprehensive responses to the study’s research questions. The target population comprised of 11,150 health entrepreneurs with stratified random sampling applied to select a sample size of 386. Quantitative data was collected through structured questions, while qualitative data was collected through interview guide. Quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential analysis while qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis and NVIVO. A strong positive relationship between Knowledge Sharing Routine and Operational Performance among healthcare entrepreneurs was reported, with regression analysis (R² = 0.682, B = 0.669, p = 0.000) confirming that increased knowledge sharing significantly enhances performance. Regression analysis indicating that SORs account for 64.2% of the variance in performance (R² = 0.642). The findings demonstrate that knowledge-sharing routines in terms of training of franchisees, managerial knowledge transfer, operational staff training, mentorship and coaching play a critical role in enhancing the operational performance of healthcare entrepreneurs in Kenya. This implies that franchisees benefit significantly from structured and informal knowledge exchange, with training programs, managerial knowledge transfer, and staff development contributing to improved business operations. It is thus recommended that in order to enhance operational performance, franchisors should strengthen their knowledge-sharing routines by institutionalizing both formal and informal mechanisms. For instance, franchisors should expand structured training programs, incorporating interactive learning methods such as simulations, mentorship programs, and industry-specific case studies to improve franchisee capabilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adhil Iftikhar, Charity Muraguri, Timothy Okech https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Directing Style of Situational Leadership on Employee Performance inPublic Universities in Kenya
In Kenya, higher education faces numerous challenges that include quality assurance issues amidst rampant changes in policies and the regulatory framework with the Ministry of Educationregularly decrying the quality-of-service delivery in public universities. Employee performance is a key metric in determining the level of service outcomes.Leadership is also a critical component in this dynamic as leaders influence workers towards increasing productivity through decision making, provision of resources andgiving direction.This study investigated the influence of directing leadership style on employee performance in public universities in Kenya. Anchored on the Situational Leadership Theory, a positivist philosophy and a descriptive correlational research design, sampled heads of departments and administrators used self-administered questionnaires to provide the data that wassubjected to statistical analysis with the aid of SPSS version 30.High agreement among respondents (μ > 3), significant correlation results (p< .05), and R² = 21.1%demonstrateda positive and significant relationship between directing leadership style and employee performance. The study, aiming to inform policy in regards to quality of service delivery in public universities, recommends that public universities institutionalize directing leadership style practices to improve employee performance and subsequent organizational effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 DORCUS MUGO, Jeremiah N. Koshal, Maureen A. Kangu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Influence of Product Orientation on Sustained Competitive Advantage Among Pharmaceutical Firms in Kenya
Sustained competitive advantage has become increasingly critical for pharmaceutical firms operating in dynamic environments shaped by technological change, evolving healthcare needs, regulatory demands, and rising customer expectations. Despite growing recognition of product related capabilities in driving competitiveness, limited empirical evidence exists on how Product Orientation influences Sustained Competitive Advantage among pharmaceutical firms in Kenya. This study examined this relationship using a cross sectional descriptive correlational research design. Data were collected from managerial and functional personnel involved in strategic planning, product development, research and development, and quality assurance using a structured questionnaire. Product Orientation was operationalized through three dimensions: Product Quality, Product Innovation and Research and Development, and Product Driven Culture. Descriptive statistics and simple linear regression were used for analysis. Descriptive findings revealed a moderate level of Product Orientation, with Product Innovation and Research and Development recording the highest mean score (M = 2.997, SD = 0.995), followed by Product Quality (M = 2.992, SD = 0.969) and Product Driven Culture (M = 2.980, SD = 0.979). Regression analysis established a positive and statistically significant relationship between Product Orientation and Sustained Competitive Advantage (β = 0.427, t = 5.226, p < 0.001), with the model explaining 7.4% of the variance in the outcome variable (R² = 0.074). The ANOVA results confirmed overall model significance (F = 27.306, p < 0.001). The study concludes that Product Orientation is a meaningful strategic capability that enables pharmaceutical firms to develop differentiated products, improve market responsiveness, and sustain long term competitive positions. Investment in research and development, robust quality management systems, and cultures that support continuous innovation are recommended. These findings contribute empirical evidence to strategic management literature on the role of Product Orientation in shaping competitive advantage in the pharmaceutical sector.
Adaptive Capability and the Financial Sustainability of Kenyan Non-Profit Organizations
Non‑profit organizations (NPOs) in Kenya continue to experience financial sustainability challenges due to declining donor funding and growing competition for limited grants. Although adaptive capability is theorized to help organizations adjust to changing environments, its specific contribution to financial sustainability within the Kenyan nonprofit sector remains underexplored. This study examined how adaptive capability influences the financial sustainability of Kenyan NPOs. A descriptive correlational design and quantitative cross‑sectional survey were used to collect data from senior leaders of registered NPOs across multiple sectors. Stratified random sampling generated a sample of 323 organizations, and 233 valid responses were obtained through a structured online questionnaire. Data were analyzed using ordinal logistic regression to determine the relationship between adaptive capability and financial sustainability. The findings showed that adaptive capability had a significant positive influence on financial sustainability. Organizations with low or moderate adaptive capability were substantially less likely to achieve higher levels of financial sustainability compared to those with strong adaptive capability. These results indicate that the ability to maintain flexible organizational systems, use information systems and market analysis effectively, and respond quickly to changing market conditions is essential for strengthening financial resilience. The study highlights the importance of building adaptive capability as a core organizational competency and underscores the need for strategic support that enables NPOs to operate with greater flexibility in responding to change.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paul Ndungu, Gabriel O. Okello https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Macroeconomic and Behavioural Drivers of Residential Housing Price Fluctuations in Kenya
The interplay between macroeconomic forces and behavioural expectations fundamentally dictates the volatility of residential housing prices, yet remains critically underexplored in developing economies. This study addressed the problem of inconsistent residential pricing in Kenya, which undermines affordable housing objectives amid rapid urbanisation, by moving beyond purely mechanistic economic models to incorporate human expectations. The analysis of macroeconomic data from credible sources such as the World Bank, IMF, CBK, KNBS, and Hass Consultants covering the years 2000 to 2023 reveals significant insights into the dynamics of price variations. Utilising both the Rational Expectation Hypothesis and the Adaptive Expectation Hypothesis, the study finds that these price fluctuations are influenced by essential economic fundamentals, including the foreign exchange rate (β=0.734, Std Err=0.295), GDP (β=0.201, Std Err=0.052), and disposable income (β=0.455, Std Err=0.043). Market psychology significantly influences economic outcomes alongside fundamentals. The model's fit was assessed using F-statistics, yielding a value of 50.78 and a highly significant p-value of 0.0000, confirming its robustness. These findings reveal that Kenya’s housing sector is intricately embedded within a broader macroeconomic and behavioural context. Consequently, this study implied that effective, affordable housing strategies require coordinated monetary and fiscal policies, supply-side reforms, and the proactive management of market expectations to ensure stability and inclusivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Charles Okeyo Owuor, Fredrick Kalui , Samuel O. Onyuma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Transforming Music Education
Conventional music teaching and learning have been based on embodied communication among educators, learners, performers, and audiences. Nevertheless, the growing diversity of learners, unequal access to quality instruction, and the rising need for personalized learning have revealed limitations in the structure typical of traditional pedagogical models. The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education is both an opportunity and a concern, with several pedagogical and cultural implications. The paper attempts to critically trace the emergent role of AI in music education by questioning its instructional effectiveness, its cultural impact, and the relational aspects of musical practice, rather than assuming its use as a solution. Following constructivist learning theory, the research employs a qualitative case study design, using structured questionnaires distributed to learners and semi-structured interviews with music teachers at the sampled schools that implement AI-supported music learning. The results indicate that AI solutions can be applied to provide individualized feedback, enhance learner engagement, and extend access in situations where professional resources are limited. Concurrently, the statistics demonstrate systemic issues, such as uneven digital infrastructure, a lack of teacher training, AI bias and the dominance of Western musical models within AI systems. The paper says that AI in music education must be viewed not as a neutral change, but as a sociotechnical intervention that transforms pedagogical relations, hierarchies of knowledge, and cultural representation. It can be appreciated through being critically integrated, contextually sensitive, and under constant human supervision. This study, by foregrounding affordances and constraints, can contribute to current discussions on the ethical and culturally sensitive application of AI in higher-education creativity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rose masaa, Joyce Mochere https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0